STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT (PBING-9)

STUDENT’S LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT WITH TRADITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT (PBING-9)

Language learning is important for human’s social development. As a language which is used by more than a half of population in the world, English holds the key as international language. English is a tool of communication among peoples of the world to get trade, social-cultural, science, and technology goals. Moreover, English competence is important in career development, therefore students need to understand and use English to improve their confidence to face global competition.

English as a formal subject is given to junior high school (SMP) level, which the goals are translated as follows: “The goals of teaching and learning English for this level are improving the four English skills. They are the mastery of the receptive skills (reading and listening) and the mastery of the productive skills (speaking and writing), within a specified word level and relevant grammatical structures and notions, in the context of the specified themes which are enclosed for junior high school (SMP) students” (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:42).

The fact shows that the result of teaching learning English is still low. Somantri said (2003) that there can be a wonder about the condition of the student’s English ability. The students have learned English from the first-grade of junior high school until senior high school, but most of them still cannot use English as tool of communication. Zamroni in Somantri (2003) found that it not only happened to the students who have score below five, but the students who have score over eight in junior high school can not use English in real communication in their level. Besides, their receptive skills are also below the expectation. For example, the students who have graduated from senior high school, they still find difficulty in reading English literatures (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:1).

These failures are influenced by many factors. According to Zamroni in Somantri (2003), it happens because of the education system at school just transfer the dead knowledge where the knowledge is separated from the application. Teachers teach materials that will be tested. The goal is that the students get good score in the final test. While Ali in Ant-O2 (2005) argues that the low of the students quality in teaching and learning English happens because the students are used to memorizing and doing multiple choice assignment. Both of arguments above show that the process of teaching and learning English is not so support the improvement of life skills. Students can get good score in the final test and they can memorize the theory well but they cannot use English in real communication.
Assessment is one of important thing that has important role in education. The importance of assessment in education is stated by Hughes (1989) who says that the proper relationship between teaching and assessment is partnership. By assessment process teacher can discover how far students have achieved the objectives of a course of study. Teacher also can use the result of assessment to analyze which material that should be explained again and which instruments that should be repaired. Besides, assessment is useful for the students to motivate in teaching learning process.

Based on the earlier observation, researcher finds that most of teachers still use traditional assessment. The students are given some tasks in the form of multiple choice, do the LKS, practice a dialog in textbook and another task, which make the students as a passive subject. Traditional assessment includes multiple-choice questions and asking students to respond questions with short answers. Many kinds of task are given in order the students can respond the questions with correct answers in the final test. The product of learning is more emphasized then the process it self. Teacher gives quizzes and tests to assess cognitive aspect only. This kind of assessment is just recall student’s memorization.

In traditional assessment process, teachers give less attention and rarely to assess the student’s work. It brings the students become lack of attention toward their error in finishing their work. According to Kasiram (1984:10), learning will be on the decline if the students do not know the result of their work. The students want to know feedback of their effort in doing the work as a motivation in learning process. Dimyati and Mudjiono (2002:48) stated that students would be more motivated in learning if the students know the result of their work as a feedback.
Under the government policy, the Ministry of National Education develops new curriculum to improve the education quality that is Competency Based Curriculum. The success of Competency Based Curriculum may be consider successfully if followed by the change of teaching and learning strategy at class, the choosing of media, and the choosing of assessment process. (Balitbang Depdiknas, 2002:1). Assessment processes in Competency Based Curriculum are
more varies. One of them is Portfolio Assessment.

Arter & Spandel (in Luitel, 2002) state the notion of portfolio. The literary meaning of the term ‘portfolio’ is a collection of the past work. However, in the context of assessment, portfolio does not represent only a mere collection of the past work. The Northwest Evaluation Association urges that the portfolio is a purposeful collection of student work that tells the story of the student’s effort, progress, or achievement in given areas. Portfolio can be viewed as a systematic and organized collection of evidence used by the teacher and student to monitor the growth of student’s knowledge, skills, and attitudes in a specific content area.
The indicators of portfolio assessment are daily test result, structured tasks, anecdotal record, and report of the student’s activity out of school (Budimansyah, 2002: 108). These indicators are put on the list and documented in a file. From the collection, teacher assesses skill of the students. Teacher turns the students to see their ability in learning by using portfolio and turns the students to be careful in doing the work, pay attention to the error in their work and correct the error.

Based on the background, researcher interested in studying the student’s learning achievement in the classes which use traditional assessment and portfolio assessment. Researcher was conducting this study on the students of SMP 4 Jambi, with the title “Student’s Learning Achievement with Traditional Assessment and Portfolio Assessment”.

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The Effect Of Using “Multi Media” Vcd As Media For Teaching Vocabulary To Kindergarten Students (PBING-10)

The Effect Of Using “Multi Media” Vcd As Media For Teaching Vocabulary To Kindergarten Students (PBING-10)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

It is very important to master English as an international language. To gain a good result of English learning, people should take a good and effective ways because learning English as a foreign language is a complex task. Learning English as a foreign language is a difficult thing to do for most of the Indonesian students. It also takes a lot of time since English as a foreign language for them.


The same condition also happens to very young learners who are the beginners in learning English. Vanessa Reilly & Sheila M. Ward ( 2003: 3 ) states that very young learners refer to children who have not yet started compulsory schooling and have not yet started to read. It means that it is really a new thing for them in learning English. It also means that the teacher needs more effort to teach them English. As young learners who enjoy having fun, and enjoy things with happy feeling, the students need more relaxing learning atmosphere, so they could join the English classes comfortably, and with high enthusiasm. It becomes the teacher’s tasks to make the situation comes true. The teacher needs some things to be involved in the English classes.

The writer observed that the students of Panti Puruhita Kindergarten Krapyak Indah Semarang, still have difficulties in memorizing new vocabularies. It could be seen in the daily teaching and learning process. The students seemed to forget the vocabulary which had been taught easily. Probably this happen because of the weakness of the students’ memory, the technique of teaching used by the teacher or it may be because of the lack of the instructional media of learning.

The writer aware that the students of the kindergarten are the students who learn a new language during the critical period, so they should be understood it easier and better than other who are not exposed that language during the childhood. In addition, Rudolph and Cohen (1984: 16) state that early childhood years are very important for learning in the basic. Although the children at the kindergarten are in the critical period, the fact shows that the students still have difficulties in learning new language.

In teaching vocabulary to the kindergarten students, the teacher should be more creative and able to keep the students away from getting bored. In order to keep the students away from getting bored in learning vocabulary, the teacher should use an appropriate instructional media. This media should gain the students’ interest in learning new vocabulary. Media such as cartoon, VCD, tape recorder, overhead projector, radio, television, computer, and etc. play important role in teaching vocabulary. They are very useful for the teacher to achieve the instructional goals and the objectives of learning, besides as a tool to command students in teaching learning process.

Webster states that teaching aids are many varieties of devices and materials, which rely on the sense of sight to inform (1972: 664). Without technique and teaching aids which are appropriate to the students’ level, the students may get bored and not interested in following the lesson and the result will not be satisfactory.

In this study the writer wants to examine a technique which is hoped can be a good method for teaching vocabulary to kindergarten students. Here, the writer will try to present VCD as a media in teaching English to kindergrten students. Teaching English using VCD can be considered as one of the appropriate method. The use of VCD as media can be a choice for the teacher in teaching vocabulary in which the students are given a chance to study vocabulary in different way which is hoped that they will be motivated in learning vocabulary.

For the reasons above, the writer wants to try to use “Multi Media” VCD as media for teaching vocabulary to the kindergarten students. The writer hopes that it will be an effective and interesting media in teaching vocabulary to the students, so that they can enjoy and interested in learning vocabulary.

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THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ LOVE IN THOMAS HARDY’S NOVEL THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE (Psychological Approach) (PBING-1)

THE EXPRESSIONS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ LOVE IN THOMAS HARDY’S NOVEL THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE (Psychological Approach) (PBING-1)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The study is in the area of psychology analysis. Davidoff (1976: 2) explains that psychology is the science of behavior. While behavior itself is any human or animal process or activity that can be objectively observed or measured. The definition of behavior includes thoughts, feelings, dreams, and anything a person does or experiences.


On the area of psychology, psychologists have observed some phenomena such as thoughts, sensations, emotions, needs, motives, personality characteristics, and capabilities that cannot be observed or measured directly. These phenomena are called hypothetical constructs (Davidoff 1976: 2)

Psychology happens in human mind, which will give the impact on people’s activities everyday. We can learn the psychological study not only in the character of human in real life but also in such literary works, like novel, short story, poem, etc. According to William Henry as cited by Hardjana (1991: 59), psychology enters the area of literary criticism through four ways: (1) discussion about the process of literary creation, (2) psychological analysis of the author (either as a type or as a person), (3) discussion about psychological theories applicable to the analysis of the character’s behavior in literary works, (4) the influence of literary works on the readers.

Rees (1973: 20) states that literature is a writing which expresses and communicates thoughts or ideas, feeling or emotions, and attitude towards life. It means that through literature, we know other people’s feelings, thoughts, and attitude’s in the written form of language.

Kiel (1974: 9) states that fiction, as a part of literature, can be pointed as a fruitful field for exploration in the study of human personality. In psychology insight, the writers usually know many things between heaven and earth that the academic wisdom does not dream about. Great writers know how to give a unified picture of a whole personality trough minute observation of meaningful expression, a characteristic mannerism, or unconscious habit. It can be said that there is an intimate relationship between psychology and literature. Psychology helps to clarify some literary problems and literature presents insight to psychology. According to Henry L in his book entitled Psychology (1984:423), there are two classification of emotion as follows:

(1) Positive emotions (i.e. joy, love, and sexual excitement) (2) Negative emotions (i.e. anger, fear, sadness, and grief)
From the categories above, the writer will focus only on the positive emotion that is love. Love is the most complex and important thing from all human emotions (Tressider, 1997: 1). Love is a prominence and virtue based on the human life. The supreme value of human virtue is out poured from their regard to the life itself. In this case, the reality of a certain person or individual development always has direct relation to the attention and relation of conscious inter-subject. It can be described that life flows from and within love.

Along the history, for the sake of love, people are willing to ignore their importance; they even sacrificing their life to show the expressions of their love to others. If we love someone or our homeland for example, we will do anything for them. The Return of the Native is one of many novels that tells about it. The sacrifice and love are still found all over the countries in the world, including in our country, and is still relevant to be analyzed at the present life. Therefore, I interested in the novel that reveals these human values that is love and sacrifice.

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A Comparative Study On Diction And Sentence Structure Between Spoken News Broadcast By Cnn International And Written News Articles Issued (PBING-11)

A Comparative Study On Diction And Sentence Structure Between Spoken News Broadcast By Cnn International And Written News Articles Issued (PBING-11)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study

Jay Black and Frederick C. Whitney (1988) as quoted by www.buzzin.net mention that mass communication is a process whereby mass-produced message are transmitted to large, anonymous, and heterogeneous masses of receivers. So the number of the receivers are numerous and unpredictable in that way we need to scrutinize which receivers go to which media, In this case audio - visual media represented by television and visual media represented by broadsheet or famous as newspaper. Revealing all aspects of these two media will such an effort that needs a lot of energy and time wasted. So, I will concentrate on the point of the style of those two media as the sender of spoken and written message.


Even though the receivers of certain messages are not only the reader or those who watch television, I will stress upon those two media for their great influences that they have in nowadays time of information, they are television and newspaper. Joseph A Devito, (in Nuruddin 2003:10) suggests that
“First, mass communication is communication addressed to masses, to an extremely large science. This does not means that the audience includes all people or everyone who reads or everyone who watches television; rather it means an audience that is large and generally rather poorly defined. Second, mass communication is communication mediated by audio and/or visual transmitter. Mass communication is perhaps most easily and most logically defined by its forms; television, radio, newspaper, magazines, films, books, and tapes”.

In ‘delivering’ the messages both television and newspaper has their own ideology, whether it is for the purpose of propaganda or telling the truth, and even for entertainment only. Here I would analyze more on the choices of words, grammatical structures, and the length of certain utterances which could lead to a typical distinctive style of spoken and written news reporting. Dennis Freeman (in (www.buzzin.net.2006) state it in his book entitle Style “…..how important are the choices of vocabulary and grammatical structure in producing the distinctive styles of writing that serve to make that ideology clear.” The question is why only those several aspects that is being analyzed? In linguistics, the purpose of close analysis is to identify and classify the elements of language being used.) Stylistic analysis in linguistic refers to the identification of patterns of usage in speech and writing. Other than the close analysis of the style, I will also try to see the correlation of the style being used and the effect towards the audiences or receivers. But the main point of this writing is to provide us with adequate information of what is actually the style of spoken and written news reporting.

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A Study on the Teaching of English Speaking Using Games To the Eleventh Year Students of SMK Brawijaya (PBING-26)

A Study on the Teaching of English Speaking Using Games To the Eleventh Year Students of SMK Brawijaya (PBING-26)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Problem
It is known that English is an International language which has been received by countries all over the world. The function of it as a means of communication in meeting business or other activities among government over the world. Beside that English is used at science of knowledge, new invention  in field of modern technology, pharmaceutical, medical, etc.
As a developing country, Indonesia really needs English because Indonesia government is trying to improve all aspects which are usually faced by all countries. One of these aspects is education, which is essential. As an English teacher to be the writer focuses her attention to the teaching English as the language of the world. 
In Indonesia, English is learnt and taught to junior high school, Senior high school even at university. English means that something important for the student to be taught at school based on situation and condition of the object area. But there are some problems that faced by the students. It is realized that most students get bad mark. So, it proves that English is really difficult for the students. There are four skills in learning English they are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Speaking is very important because speaking and human being cannot be separated from each other. Speaking is used to express their ideas and to communicate to people in civilized world. That is way speaking is important. But the students of SMK or graduated of it still get hard to be a good speaker. The problems are:

First, the students feel ashamed and afraid to speak English, so they never practice and use target language and use target language and they always use mother tongue in the classroom.
Second, for the teacher, they did not use variety of teaching such as visual aids. The teacher has to motivate the students to learn English in the class, and create the method of teaching. So the students will feel relaxed, and freely in using English in the classroom. The teacher must make afford to understand the material well. In learning English, The students are expected to reach four skills. Among those, speaking is the most difficult to master.
Teaching speaking can be done through dialogues, picture, games, etc. The teacher should choose a suitable ways such as: using games. If the teacher uses it, the students the students will have a lot of opportunity to practice pronunciation and communication or in other words it means that the students will get knowledge or input from games. Games which introduced to the students are Domino Instruction, What do I need? Sweet  Reason, Dream sequences.
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Motivation Of The Main Character’s Survival In O’henry’s ‘Soapy’s Choice’ (PBING-23)

Motivation Of The Main Character’s Survival In O’henry’s ‘Soapy’s Choice’ (PBING-23)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Backgrounds of the Study
Why does somebody do something? Why do people go to work? Why do we go to college? There are many reasons why we do such things. Somebody does something because he/she wants  something  to be done, reached, and else. People go to work because they want to earn money, to  spend their times, to increase their societal status, and else. We go to school because we need knowledge, or maybe we just want to do our obligation to fulfill our education status. The reasons here can be said as goals. All of those examples make us learn that there must be something drives them to do something besides the goals we have said above, it is a motivation.
For more details about motivation, we can do one thing that is asking any person who is successful in whatever he or she is doing, what motivate him/her, and very  likely,  the  answer  will  be  goals’.  Goal  setting  is  extremely  important  to motivation and success. So, what motivate you? Just like what we have talked above, why are you in college? If you are in college because that is what your parents want, you may find it difficult to motivate yourself.
Someone will have a higher motivation if he is offered by a reward. For example, a student will have a higher motivation to study when his father promises to give                him       a car            if      he          graduates           soon.    However,                    an       article     found      in
http://www.princeton.edu.rbenobou/RES2003.pdf said that motivation is something which comes from within really makes the difference. Further the article says that certainly,  you  need  some  intelligence,  knowledge  base,  study  skills,  and  time management skills, but if you  do not have motivation, you would get far from reaching your success.

Motivation  gives  significant  roles  in  human’s  life.  Sometimes  without motivation, people cannot grow; since nothing motivates them to do something that will  bring  them  survive.  Hilgard  states  in  his  book  (1957:155)  that  motivation besides being a direction aspect, is also as the energizing aspect.
“Motivation is something that incites the organism to action or that sustains and gives direction to action once the organism has been aroused. It means that motives have either an activating or energizing aspect and a directing one”
This is also in chorus with what Champion says as stated by Ruch (1967:376) that motives make energy available for the activity required. Thus, although a drive or motive directs the  organism toward some goals, which will satisfy a particular need, it can also work as a general energizer.
Literature as part of our life talks so many kinds of problems occur in our society, such as social status, gender, discrimination, war, poverty, welfare and other human  problems.  The  phenomenon  I  can  find  in  Jane  Austen’s  novel  entitled “Emma” is about motivation of the main character in arranging marriages. This kind of problem has a close relation with our life in which it  could be occurred in our society, even to us.
Studying someone’s motivation is dealing with psychological approach, since it  reveals  problems  through  the  lens  of  psychology.  Psychology  according  to Davidoff (1976:1) is the science of behavior. Behavior here means any human or animal process or an activity that can be objectively observed and measured.
Since psychology studies human behavior, we also need to deal with human personality. It takes role in guiding somebody’s immediate behavior and the further development of his/her  personality. He acts consistently in terms of the kind of person  he  believes  whether  it  is  to  be  lovable  or  unattractive,  bright  or  stupid, capable or clumsy.
Some people seem to be very successful, highly motivated individuals. The energy, the drive, or the directions come from motivation. Motivation is an area of psychology that has gotten a great deal of attention, especially in the recent years. The reason is that we all want to be successful, we all want direction and drive, and we all want to be seen as motivated.
Motivation refers, in a general sense, to processes involved in the initiation, direction, and energy of individual behavior (Parkinson & Colman, 1995:38).
According to Kenney (1966:5) analyzing a literary work is to identify the separated part that make it up (this corresponds roughly to the notion of tearing it into pieces), to deter relationship among the parts, and to discover the relationship of the part to the whole. So, I choose  Soapy’s motivation to achieve his goal in O’ Henrys’ Soapy’s choice as my study because motivation is one part of psychology that can be found from the character in the short story.
In my opinion, Soapy’s motivation is interesting to be discussed because he can survive in  the middle of his problem. He wishes to get in prison as he has to maintain himself warm in the winter time. Soapy is then doing stupid plans such as eating in a restaurant while having no money in his pocket and other foolish acts. I consider  Soapy’s motivation in dealing with his problems as full of struggle. This willingness to keep struggling is finally one thing that helps him to find a way out.
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PC Clonning Melalui Port USB Dengan Menggunakan Software BeTwin (IK-11)

PC Clonning Melalui Port USB Dengan Menggunakan Software BeTwin (IK-11)

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang
Sebuah sistem yang menyerupai dan membolehkan lebih dari satu pemakai komputer (maksimal penambahan sesuai dengan adanya slot PCI dan port USB yang belum digunakan dalam pemakainnya) untuk menjalankan sistem operasi secara bersamaan dan berdiri sendiri dengan komputer lain (server), sistem seperti ini disebut PC Cloning. Dengan mengklonning PC, maka dari sebuah PC client yang rendah menjadi serupa dengan PC server yang digunakan (menjadi meningkat pada PC client).


PC Clonning merupakan suatu bentuk efisiensi dalam penggunaan software dan hardware. Software hanya diinstal di server, kemudian diklon untuk penggunaan bersama beberapa station (client) dalam satu PC, bahkan untuk program aplikasi besar seperti CorelDraw, AutoCAD, Photoshop, juga dapat untuk akses ke Internet secara bersama-sama tanpa mensetting proxy. USB adalah singkatan dari Universal Serial Bus. USB merupakan suatu teknologi yang memungkinkan kita untuk menghubungkan alat eksternal (peripheral) seperti scanner, printer, mouse, papan ketik (keyboard), alat penyimpan data (zip drive), flash disk, kamera digital atau perangkat lainnya ke komputer.

Dalam penggunaan PC Clonning dapat menghemat hardware dalam berbagai hal, sehingga para user dapat memakai sebuah komputer hanya dengan adanya monitor, keyboard USB, dan mouse USB dalam satu PC, yang dapat menyerupai komputer yang peralatannya lengkap dengan CPU. Untuk melakukan klonning terhadap PC, diperlukan software yang dapat mengatur penggunaan sumber daya komputer. BeTwin merupakan software yang mampu melakukan klonning ini dengan mudah dalam menjalankannya. BeTwin memungkinkan pemakaian sistem operasi Windows 98, Windows Millenium Edition, Windows 2000 dan Windows XP secara bersamaan dalam satu CPU untuk beberapa pemakai sekaligus.

1.2 Permasalahan
Dalam pembuatan proyek tugas akhir ini adalah bagaimana cara menginstal software dan hardware pada sebuah PC Clonning yang dalam 1 PC dapat menjadi 2 komputer, dengan penambahannya hanya sebuah software dan hardware dalam menggunakannya.



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Pembuatan Website Informasi Pendidikan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Kota Mojokerto dengan PHP dan Mysql (IK-10)

Pembuatan Website Informasi Pendidikan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Kota Mojokerto dengan PHP dan Mysql (IK-10)

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN


1.1 Latar Belakang
Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Dikbud) kota Mojokerto adalah dinas yang berada di bawah wewenang Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (Depdiknas). Dikbud kota Mojokerto beralamat di jalan Panglima Besar Sudirman No. 40. Dikbud memiliki beberapa informasi sekolah-sekolah dan perguruan tinggi di kota Mojokerto baik negeri maupun swasta.


Dikbud kota Mojokerto sampai dengan saat ini belum mempunyai website resmi seperti halnya Dikbud di kota lain. Kota Mojokerto memang hanya terdiri dari 2 (dua) kecamatan saja, tetapi sekolah di kota tersebut cukup banyak dan semuanya dibawahi oleh Dikbud kota Mojokerto, disamping itu kegiatan-kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan pendidikan juga sering terjadi hampir setiap hari di kota tersebut. Para pengurus sekolah dan perguruan tinggi yang ada di kota Mojokerto baik negeri maupun swasta seringkali dihadapkan pada kesulitan untuk mengetahui segala informasi yang berhubungan dengan pendidikan di kota Mojokerto tersebut.
Dikbud membutuhkan suatu website yang dapat membantu mempermudah pihak yang berkaitan dalam mengetahui segala informasi mengenai kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan pendidikan di kota Mojokerto. Website yang ada diharapkan dapat digunakan dan dapat memberikan informasi secara cepat. Website tersebut akan dikembangkan dalam bentuk script PHP dan database dengan aplikasi MySQL.

1.2 Perumusan Masalah
Bagaimana cara mempercepat dan mempermudah proses untuk memperoleh segala informasi yang berhubungan dengan pendidikan di kota Mojokerto.

1.3 Tujuan
Untuk membuat website atau situs web informasi pendidikan Dikbud kota Mojokerto.

1.4 Manfaat
Kerja praktek ini dapat bermanfaat bagi pihak Dikbud, pihak pengurus sekolah dan universitas baik negeri maupun swasta, serta bagi masyarakat umum kota Mojokerto yaitu untuk mempercepat proses pencarian informasi mengenai segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan pendidikan di kota Mojokerto.



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Pintu Geser Otomatis (IK-08)

Pintu Geser Otomatis (IK-08)

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah
Pada saat ini, teknologi semakin berkembang dengan sangat cepat dan semakin canggih. Perkembangan teknologi ini pastinya sangat berkaitan dengan perkembangan teknologi komputer. Dimana teknologi komputer merupakan pendukung bahkan penggerak kemajuan teknologi informasi pada jaman sekarang ini. Dan tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa ilmu elektronika sangat berpengaruh kepada perkembangan Teknologi. Sebuah komputer mampu mengendalikan sebuah rangkaian alat elektronika menggunakan sebuah chip IC yang dapat diisi program dan logika yang disebut teknologi Mikroprosesor.


Mikroprosesor merupakan salah satu ilmu dalam bidang elektronika yang dipelajari pada perkuliahan jurusan Sistem Komputer. Kemudian timbul gagasan untuk mengimplementasikan sebuah alat berbasis mikroprosesor yang serba otomatis dan efisiensi. Maka penulis membuat sebuah penelitian ilmiah yang di beri judul “PINTU GESER OTOMATIS”. Adapun alat tersebut merupakan serangkaian komponen elektronika berbentuk prototype sebuah pintu yang dapat bergeser secara otomatis yang dikontrol menggunakan program mikrokontroler. Bahasa pemograman yang akan digunakan adalah bahasa pemograman tingkat rendah (Low level language) Assembler yang di isi pada sebuah chip IC.
Kerena itulah penulis mencoba menganalisa dan mempelajari lebih dalam tentang membuat sebuah alat elektronika berbasis mikroprosesor yang dikendalikan oleh bahasa pemograman Assembler yang dapat menggerakkan sebuah prototype pintu yang dapat bergeser secara otomatis. Dan penulis bisa belajar memahami fungsi, karakteristik, serta cara kerja dari alat yang kami buat dan berusaha menerapkannya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.


1.2 Masalah dan Batasan Masalah
Pada penulisan ilmiah ini penulis membahas bagaimana menganalisa rangkaian, komponen-komponen yang digunakan, fungsi dari alat tersebut, teori yang melandaskan kinerja alat tersebut, dan proses pemograman berbasis mikrokontroler yang ada pada alat tersebut serta tampilan alat berupa rumah miniatur disertai dengan pintu miniatur yang dapat bergeser otomatis. Dan disini penulis membatasinya hanya pada cara proses pemograman alat tersebut berbasis mikrokontroler menggunakan bahasa pemograman Assembler dengan pembentukan prototipe alat yang sederhana.

1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk meneliti kinerja pintu geser dengan alat bantu simulasi pintu geser otomatis dan manfaatnya bagi masyarakat luar. Disamping itu, tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mempelajari lebih mendalam tentang cara pemogramanan berbasis mikroprosesor dan untuk memenuhi mata kuliah penelitian ilmiah yang didapat pada pelajaran perkuliahan pada semester ini.

1.4 Metode Penulisan
Adapun metode penulisan yang di pakai adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Metode Observasi, yaitu dengan melakukan penelitian terhadap komponen yang dipakai dan melakukan perbandingan terhadap fungsi dari komponen-komponen tersebut sehingga kami dapat mengambil kesimpulan dan prinsip kerja dari komponen dan alat tersebut.
b. Metode Studi Pustaka, yaitu dengan mengambil materi-materi dari buku penunjang dan materi-materi lainnya dari internet ataupun yang lainnya.
c. Metode Kesimpulan, yaitu dengan mengumpulkan ide dari masing-masing orang dan kemudian menjadikan suatu kesimpulan yang di tulis ke dalam suatu makalah.
d. Penelitian dan Eksperimen, yaitu dengan melakukan penelitian, perancangan alat dan menguji alat tersebut.
e. Konsultasi, yaitu dengan mendiskusikan serta menanyakan secara langsung kepada dosen pembimbing.



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SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN ELEKTRONIK BERBASIS WEB PADA TOKO DIGAL ELEKTRONIK SUKOHARJO (IK-07)

SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN ELEKTRONIK BERBASIS WEB PADA TOKO DIGAL ELEKTRONIK SUKOHARJO (IK-07)

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN


1.1 Latar Belakang

Untuk meningkatkan pelayanan kepada konsumen suatu bidang usaha penjualan harus inovatif dan selalu memberikan yang terbaik bagi konsumen. Inovatif dalam arti harus menjual produk-produk yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan konsumen disamping itu barang-barang yang ditawarkan mengikuti perkembangan, kemudian selalu memberikan yang terbaik berarti memberikan banyak alternatif barang, dan kemudahan dalam bertransaksi.


Suatu bidang usaha harus dapat mengenalkan diri dan produk-produk yang mereka jual sehingga konsumen yang belum tahu akan mengenalnya, yang sudah mengetahui akan semakin percaya. Sehingga akan mudah mendapat perhatian masyarakat.
Teknologi komputer berkembang sangat pesat dengan munculnya internet dimana komputer-komputer dapat saling terhubung membentuk jaringan yang sangat luas yang terdiri dari ribuan komputer diseluruh dunia. Siapapun yang mempunyai akses kedalam jaringannya dapat saling bertukar informasi berbagai macam bentuk data teks, gambar, suara, file dan sebagainya. Lebih dari itu jaringan ini dapat diakses selama 24 jam.
Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut diatas maka topik yang diambil adalah penjualan barang lewat internet. Melihat hal itu maka penulis memilih judul “SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN ELEKTRONIK BERBASIS WEB PADA TOKO DIGAL ELEKTRONIK SUKOHARJO”.

1.2 Perumusan Masalah

Dalam penulisan tugas akhir ini akan dibahas bagaimana membuat sistem informasi penjualan elektronik berbasis web pada Toko “DIGAL ELEKTRONIK” Sukoharjo.

1.3 Pembatasan Masalah

Mengingat keterbatasan waktu kemampuan dan sarana yang ada, maka penulis membatasi permasalahan sebagai berikut:
1. Sistem informasi penjualan elektronik berbasis web dengan bahasa dasar Indonesia.
2. Web ini mempunyai fasilitas informasi mengenai: daftar katalog elektronik, daftar detail spesifikasi elektronik yang dijual dan transaksi yang berkaitan dengan Toko “DIGAL ELEKTRONIK”
3. Proses transaksi penjualan yang dilakukan melalui sistem transfer menggunakan teknologi m-Banking atau transfer menggunakan e-Banking.
4. Proses akhir yaitu pengiriman barang, tidak memperhatikan atau mengabaikan keterangan bahwa barang sudah diterima, karena itu urusan diluar sistem.
5. Pembuatan program aplikasi, penulis menggunakan bahasa pemrograman WEB dengan Dreamweaver MX, Script PHP, database Mysql, dan Web server IIS.
6. Web ini menghasilkan 2 kelompok informasi. Yaitu:
a. Back End, yaitu sistem manajemen yang banyak diperlukan oleh pemilik sistem. Misalnya pencatatan harga, pencatatan transaksi dll.
b. Front End, yaitu sistem yang berhubungan dengan konsumen. Misalnya situs untuk melihat produk, mengkonversikan harga dll.

1.4 Tujuan Tugas Akhir

Berdasarkan pembahasan masalah di atas, penulis memiliki tujuan yaitu membuat sistem informasi penjualan berbasis web. Sehingga dapat diakses dengan menggunakan komputer di seluruh Indonesia yang terhubung melalui internet.

1.5 Manfaat Tugas Akhir

Manfaat tugas akhir ini adalah:
1. Bagi Penulis
Menambah pengetahuan dan pengalaman bagi penulis terutama dalam pembuatan sistem informasi yang berbasis web, dan mempraktekkan apa yang telah penulis dapatkan di bangku kuliah.
2. Bagi Akademik
Sebagai literatur bagi mahasiswa lain yang akan membuat tugas akhir, yang berhubungan dengan sistem informasi Penjualan berbasis web.
3. Bagi Umum
Menjadikan Website ini Sebagai media untuk mencari informasi tentang penjualan elektronik yang lengkap dengan spesifikasi yang ditawarkan.

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Analisa Struktur Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Pengurai Kalimat Berbasis Linguistic String Analysis (IK-05)

Analisa Struktur Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Pengurai Kalimat Berbasis Linguistic String Analysis (IK-05)

BAB I
PENDAHULUAN


1.1 LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH
Bahasa adalah salah satu komponen yang paling penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Dalam bentuk tulisan, bahasa menyimpan pengetahuan dari satu generasi ke generasi lain. Sedangkan dalam bentuk lisan, bahasa berperan dalam mengarahkan tingkah laku manusia sehari-hari dalam berhubungan dengan orang lain.

Salah satu motivasi dalam penelitian bahasa alami adalah bahwa kemampuan pemrosesan bahasa alami akan mengubah cara penggunaan komputer [Alle94]. Karena kebanyakan pengetahuan manusia tersimpan dalam bentuk bahasa, komputer yang dapat mengerti bahasa alami dapat mengakses informasi ini. Selain itu, antar muka sistem komputer yang kompleks yang menggunakan bahasa alami dapat diakses oleh setiap orang. Sistem yang seperti ini akan lebih fleksibel dan intelligent dan sangat mungkin diterapkan pada teknologi komputer sekarang ini.

Penelitian dalam bidang pemrosesan bahasa alami sudah banyak dilakukan. Namun kebanyakan penelitian tersebut dilakukan terhadap bahasa Inggris. Penelitian bahasa alami yang dilakukan terhadap bahasa Indonesia masih sedikit dilakukan. Tentunya penelitian ini selayaknya dilakukan oleh orang Indonesia sendiri.

Salah satu komponen terpenting dalam pemrosesan bahasa alami adalah pengurai (parser) struktur kalimat. Pengurai sintaks kalimat ini memberi indikasi bagaimana hubungan antar kata dalam satu kalimat. Struktur ini juga mengidentifikasikan bagaimana kata-kata bersatu membentuk frase, kata-kata yang
mana yang melakukan modifikasi kata yang lain dan kata-kata yang mana yang merupakan kata-kata inti dalam satu kalimat. Dengan informasi ini, komputer dapat menginterpretasikan kalimat sehingga seolah-olah komputer dapat mengerti kalimat tersebut.

Proses penguraian kalimat pada bahasa manusia mirip dengan proses penguraian tata bahasa pemrograman dalam dunia komputer. Perbedaan yang mendasar pada keduanya adalah tata bahasa dalam dunia komputer merupakan tata bahasa yang bebas konteks (context free grammar), sedangkan tata bahasa pada bahasa Indonesia merupakan tata bahasa alami yang peka terhadap konteks (context sensitive). Pendefinisian tata bahasa yang peka terhadap konteks untuk diproses oleh komputer merupakan hal yang sangat kompleks. Oleh karena itu, salah satu alternatif penyelesaian masalah ini adalah analisa konteks terhadap suatu kalimat dalam bahasa alami dipisahkan dengan analisa sintaks [Alle94]. Walaupun analisa semantik dipisahkan dari analisa sintaks, penguraian struktur kalimat dalam bahasa alami tetap tidak sederhana. Oleh karena itu, setelah dilakukan penguraian struktur kalimat dalam bahasa alami, pengurai perlu melakukan validasi terhadap struktur hasil penguraian tersebut.

Penelitian dan pembuatan pengurai sintaks kalimat untuk bahasa Indonesia sudah dilakukan oleh Iskak Hendrawan. Namun penelitian ini hanya terbatas pada kalimat-kalimat tunggal sederhana karena fokus penelitiannya lebih mengarah kepada pengujian penggunaan suatu metode penguraian kalimat yaitu metode linguistic string analysis terhadap kalimat bahasa Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penulis mencoba melakukan penelitian yang cukup mendalam dengan memfokuskan penelitian pada pembuatan aturan sintaks kalimat bahasa Indonesia sesuai dengan aturan tata bahasa baku. Setelah itu, penulis mencoba membuat suatu pengurai sintaks kalimat untuk bahasa Indonesia untuk menguji aturan-aturan sintaks yang sudah dibuat sebelumnya.
Beberapa masalah dalam penguraian bahasa Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:
• Representasi kalimat.
Masalah ini bertumpu pada formalisasi yang akan digunakan untuk menspesifikasikan kalimat-kalimat yang benar dalam bahasa Indonesia. Harus ada suatu mekanisme bagaimana suatu kalimat direpresentasikan, sehingga komputer mendapatkan informasi untuk menginterpretasikan kalimat tersebut.
• Pendefinisian aturan sintaks.
Untuk mendapatkan struktur penguraian suatu kalimat, pengurai memerlukan informasi aturan-aturan sintaks kalimat dalam bahasa Indonesia. Aturan-aturan sintaks ini didefinisikan dalam suatu format tertentu yang mudah dimengerti oleh manusia. Agar dapat dipakai oleh komputer untuk melakukan penguraian kalimat-kalimat bahasa Indonesia, diperlukan alat bantu yang dapat menerjemahkan aturan-aturan sintaks tersebut ke dalam bahasa pemrograman yang dimengerti olehnya.
• Kamus kata.
Kamus kata ini diperlukan untuk informasi kelas kata dari kata yang akan diuraikan.

1.2 TUJUAN PENELITIAN
Tujuan penelitian dalam tugas akhir ini adalah menganalisa struktur kalimat bahasa Indonesia dengan menggunakan pengurai kalimat berbasis linguistic string analysis. Sebagai sampel penelitian, digunakan kalimat-kalimat yang terdapat pada abstrak-abstrak penelitian yang dilakukan di Fakutas ilmu komputer UI. 



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